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Sarra Lev

And the Sages Did Not Know: Early Rabbinic Approaches to Intersex

And the Sages Did Not Know: Early Rabbinic Approaches to Intersex

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  • More about And the Sages Did Not Know: Early Rabbinic Approaches to Intersex


The rabbis of the first two centuries CE had constructed a system in which every behavior was governed by one's sex/gender, posing a conundrum for people who did not fit into that model. And the Sages Did Not Know examines the rabbis legal texts and concludes that they had multiple approaches to intersex people, treating them as unidentifiable males or females, indeterminate, male, non-gendered, sui generis, part-male/part-female, a sustainable paradox, and a way for them to think about gender. This is the first such work that concentrates primarily on the potential effects of these rabbinic texts on intersex persons themselves rather than focusing on what the texts offer readers.

Format: Hardback
Length: 392 pages
Publication date: 02 January 2024
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press



The rabbis of the first two centuries CE approached bodies that were born with variant genitals, posing a conundrum for both individuals who did not fit into the traditional gender model and for the rabbinic enterprise itself. Despite this, their texts contain numerous references to intersex individuals.

And the Sages Did Not Know explores the legal texts of the rabbis and concludes that they had multiple approaches to intersex people. Sarra Lev analyzes seven different rabbinic responses to this conflict of their own making.

Through their rulings on how intersex people should conduct themselves in various circumstances, the early rabbis treat intersex people as unidentifiable males or females, as indeterminate, as male, as non-gendered, as sui generis, as part-male/part-female, as a sustainable paradox, and, finally, as a way for them to think about gender, having nothing to do with intersex people themselves.

This is the first such work that concentrates primarily on the potential effects of these rabbinic texts on intersex persons themselves rather than focusing on what the texts offer readers whose interest is rabbinic approaches to sex and gender or gender diversity.

Although the rabbinic texts do not include the voices of known intersex people, they do offer us a window into how one small group of people approached intersex bodies and how those approaches were both similar to and different from those we recognize today.


Dimension: 229 x 152 (mm)
ISBN-13: 9781512825176

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