Ancient Oaxaca: The Monte Alban State

Oaxaca, Mexico, is one of the world's important places where state-building and urbanism first appeared. This account, written by prominent archaeological researchers, provides a highly readable yet comprehensive path to acquaint readers with one of the earliest and best-known examples of Native American state formation.

Format: Paperback / softback
Length: 216 pages
Publication date: 28 July 2022
Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Over two thousand years ago, in the vibrant city of Oaxaca, Mexico, a remarkable chapter in the history of the New World unfolded. This ancient city, now recognized as one of the world's archaeologically best-studied regions, witnessed the birth of one of the earliest episodes of primary state formation and urbanism. This captivating volume, a thorough revision and update of the first edition, offers a captivating journey for readers to explore the intricate tapestry of Native American state formation and its profound consequences as seen through the lenses of urbanism, technology, demography, commerce, households, religion, and ritual. Authored by esteemed archaeological researchers who have dedicated decades to unraveling the mysteries of Oaxaca, the book contextualizes ancient Oaxaca within the broader realm of the history of ideas that have grappled with the causes and repercussions of social evolutionary change. Moreover, it critically assesses the potential applicability of more recent thinking about state building, rooted in collective action and related theories, to shed light on the complexities of this ancient civilization.

The city of Oaxaca, nestled in the heart of Mexico, stands as a testament to the rich and complex history of the New World. Its origins trace back thousands of years, and during this time, it emerged as a vibrant center of civilization. The people of Oaxaca developed a sophisticated society, characterized by advanced urban planning, intricate craftsmanship, and a deep understanding of the natural world.

One of the most remarkable aspects of Oaxaca's history is its early state formation. Around 2000 BCE, the city-states of Oaxaca began to consolidate their power, forming a larger political entity known as the Monte Albán Empire. This empire was governed by a powerful king, who oversaw a network of cities and territories and was responsible for the development of a centralized government and a system of taxation.

The Monte Albán Empire was not only a political force but also a cultural and intellectual center. The city was home to a thriving population of scholars, artists, and artisans who contributed to the development of a rich cultural heritage. The Zapotec, Mixtec, and Toltec civilizations, which flourished in Oaxaca during this time, left behind a legacy of stunning architecture, intricate pottery, and intricate religious ceremonies.

One of the most significant contributions of the Monte Albán Empire was its impact on urbanism. The city was designed with a well-organized grid system, which facilitated the movement of people and goods. The streets were wide and paved, and the buildings were constructed with stone and brick, providing a sturdy and durable infrastructure. The city also featured a network of aqueducts and fountains, which provided a reliable source of water for its residents.

Another important aspect of Oaxaca's history is its technological advancements. The Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations were known for their expertise in agriculture, and they developed a variety of tools and techniques that allowed them to cultivate crops in challenging terrains. They also developed a system of writing, which allowed them to record their history and culture.

In addition to its political and cultural achievements, Oaxaca was also a center of commerce and trade. The city was located on the trade routes between the Mesoamerican region and the Pacific coast, and it played a crucial role in the exchange of goods and ideas. The Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations were known for their skilled craftsmanship, and their products, such as textiles, pottery, and jewelry, were highly prized by traders from other regions.

The social structure of Oaxaca was also complex and diverse. The city was home to a wide range of social classes, including nobles, merchants, artisans, and farmers. The nobles were responsible for governing the empire, while the merchants and artisans were involved in the production and trade of goods. The farmers, on the other hand, were responsible for cultivating the land and providing food for the city's inhabitants.

Religion and ritual played a central role in the life of the Oaxacan people. The Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations were polytheistic, and they worshiped a multitude of gods and goddesses. They believed in a system of karma, which held that good and bad actions had consequences in the afterlife. They also practiced a variety of religious ceremonies, such as sacrifices, dances, and festivals, which were designed to honor their deities and promote social harmony.

Despite its many achievements, the Monte Albán Empire eventually declined, and Oaxaca was absorbed into the larger Mesoamerican civilization. However, the legacy of the city and its people continues to be felt today. Oaxaca is a vibrant and dynamic city, known for its rich cultural heritage, delicious cuisine, and warm hospitality. The city is home to a number of museums and cultural institutions, which showcase the art, history, and culture of the Zapotec, Mixtec, and Toltec civilizations.

In conclusion, the city of Oaxaca, Mexico, stands as a testament to the rich and complex history of the New World. Its early state formation, urbanism, technological advancements, commerce, social structure, and religious and ritual practices have left a lasting impact on the world. The city's legacy continues to be celebrated and explored by scholars and enthusiasts alike, and it serves as a reminder of the incredible achievements and sacrifices made by the people of the past.

Weight: 374g
Dimension: 152 x 227 x 14 (mm)
ISBN-13: 9781108926188
Edition number: 2 Revised edition