Duhem and Holism

According to Pierre Duhem, our evidence can never definitively disprove a theory, as negative experiments can be attributed to factors other than the theory being tested. Scientists must rely on intuition to determine whether a negative result undermines the theory or points to an error in the underlying assumptions. Philosophers have offered strategies for identifying error and justifying the abandonment of a theory or auxiliary hypothesis.

Format: Paperback / softback
Length: 75 pages
Publication date: 29 July 2021
Publisher: Cambridge University Press

The holistic thesis developed by Pierre Duhem presents a compelling challenge to the notion that our evidence can definitively falsify a theory. It is important to note that no scientific theory is tested in isolation, as negative experiments can always be attributed to factors other than the theory being tested. These factors may include auxiliary hypotheses and background assumptions. Therefore, determining whether an experimental result undermines a theory or points to an error in the underlying assumptions becomes a complex task.

In response to this challenge, Duhem argues that there is no rule that can guide scientists in deciding whether to employ a radical or conservative strategy in the face of a negative result. Instead, he suggests that scientists rely on their intuition to make these decisions. While this approach may be appealing, it raises questions about the reliability and objectivity of scientific findings.

More recently, philosophers have offered various strategies for locating errors and justifying the abandonment of a theory or an auxiliary hypothesis. These strategies include the use of Bayesian inference, falsificationism, and the principle of parsimony. Bayesian inference involves updating beliefs based on new evidence, while falsificationism requires that a theory be tested and rejected if it fails to meet the criteria of empirical falsifiability. The principle of parsimony suggests that the simplest explanation is often the most likely to be correct.

This Element will analyze Duhem's response to holism and subsequent accounts of how the problem can be resolved. It will explore the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies and consider their implications for the scientific enterprise. By examining these issues, we can gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by scientists in the pursuit of knowledge and the importance of rigorous scientific methodology.

Weight: 116g
Dimension: 152 x 229 x 7 (mm)
ISBN-13: 9781009001335