Ebb and Flow: Volume 2: Water in the Shadow of Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa

The Middle East and North Africa Region is the most water-scarce region in the world and is experiencing unprecedented levels of forced displacement. Ebb and Flow: Volume 2. Water in the Shadow of Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa examines the links between water risks, conflict, and forced displacement and aims to better explain how to address the vulnerabilities of forcibly displaced persons and their host communities. The report finds that while water risks are more frequently related to cooperation than to conflict, conflict amplifies water risks. Forcibly displaced persons and their host communities face myriad water risks, including access to safe drinking water, localized declines in water availability and quality, and unplanned burdens on water services. A shift from humanitarian support toward a development approach for water security is required, including structured yet flexible planning to deliver water services and sustain water resources for forcibly displaced persons and their host communities.

Format: Paperback / softback
Length: 125 pages
Publication date: 20 October 2021
Publisher: World Bank Publications

The Middle East and North Africa Region is a complex and multifaceted area that encompasses a wide range of issues related to water and human mobility. It is widely recognized as the most water-scarce region in the world, and it is currently facing unprecedented levels of forced displacement. In response to this pressing challenge, Ebb and Flow: Volume 2. Water in the Shadow of Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa has been published to examine the intricate connections between water risks, conflict, and forced displacement.

The report aims to provide a better understanding of how to address the vulnerabilities of forcibly displaced persons and their host communities, while also identifying appropriate water policy and investment responses. Contrary to popular belief, the evidence linking water risks with conflict and forced displacement in the region is not unequivocal. While water risks can indeed contribute to conflict, it is important to recognize that conflict can also amplify water risks.

Since 2011, there have been at least 180 instances of intentional targeting of water infrastructure in conflicts in Gaza, Libya, the Syrian Arab Republic, and the Republic of Yemen. Forcibly displaced persons and their host communities in these regions face numerous water risks. Access to safe drinking water is a daily struggle for millions of people, particularly in countries such as Iraq, Libya, Palestine, Syria, Yemen, and international migrants. The lack of access to clean water poses significant public health risks, as it can lead to the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and hepatitis.

To address these challenges, tanker trucks are often used to fill the gap in water supply. However, significant issues related to water quality, reliability, and affordability remain. Water quality problems can arise from the contamination of water sources due to conflict or natural disasters, while unreliable water supply can lead to disruptions in daily life and economic activities. Affordability is another critical concern, as many forcibly displaced persons and their host communities struggle to afford the cost of water services.

Host communities also face localized declines in water availability and quality as well as unplanned burdens on water services following the arrival of forcibly displaced persons. This can lead to tensions and conflicts between different groups within the community, as resources become scarce and competition for water increases.

In conclusion, the Middle East and North Africa Region is facing a critical water crisis, exacerbated by conflict and forced displacement. The Ebb and Flow: Volume 2. Water in the Shadow of Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa report provides valuable insights into the links between water risks, conflict, and forced displacement. By understanding these connections, policymakers and investors can develop more effective strategies to address the vulnerabilities of forcibly displaced persons and their host communities, while also promoting sustainable water management practices.

Weight: 333g
ISBN-13: 9781464817465