Humanity: An Endangered Idea?: Claremont Studies in the Philosophy of Religion, Conference 2019

The concept of humanity has been explored through various routes, including contrasting with non-human animals, the divine, inhuman behaviors, superhuman, and transhuman. This volume discusses key philosophical and theological issues in the current debate, with a particular focus on transhumanism, artificial intelligence, and the ethical challenges facing humanity in our technological culture.

Format: Paperback / softback
Length: 396 pages
Publication date: 08 March 2023
Publisher: JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck)

The concept of humanity has become increasingly contentious in modern times, surpassing previous levels of debate. Throughout history, scholars have sought to understand the essence of humanity and humanitas (Cicero) through various pathways. These include contrasting humans with non-humans, exploring the realm of the more-than-human (divine), examining the inhuman (negative human behaviors), envisioning the superhuman (what humans can become), and contemplating the transhuman (thinking machines). In each of these comparisons, the central question revolves around distinct aspects, leading to diverse definitions of humanity.

What distinguishes humans from other animals? What constitutes a fulfilling human life? What is the essence of humanitas that we should strive for? These profound inquiries have been the subject of intense philosophical and theological exploration in the contemporary discourse. This volume specifically delves into critical philosophical and theological issues at the forefront of the ongoing debate, with a particular emphasis on transhumanism, artificial intelligence, and the ethical dilemmas confronting humanity in our technologically driven society.

The exploration of humanity's nature has been a rich and complex endeavor throughout history. Philosophers have grappled with questions such as what makes us human, what distinguishes us from other species, and what are the ethical principles that guide our behavior. The concept of humanitas, which encompasses the virtues and values that define human beings, has also been a central focus of philosophical inquiry.

One of the primary pathways to understanding humanity is through the comparison with non-humans. By examining the similarities and differences between humans and other animals, scholars have sought to identify the unique aspects of human nature and the ethical responsibilities that come with our species. For example, some philosophers have argued that humans possess a unique capacity for reason, empathy, and self-awareness, which sets us apart from other animals. Others have pointed to our ability to create complex societies, engage in artistic expression, and develop sophisticated technologies.

In contrast to the comparison with non-humans, the realm of the more-than-human has also played a significant role in shaping our understanding of humanity. Philosophers have explored the relationship between humans and the divine, questioning the nature of divinity, the role of religion in human life, and the ethical implications of belief in supernatural entities. Some have argued that humans are created in the image of God, while others have proposed that we are part of a larger cosmic consciousness.

The inhuman, on the other hand, refers to negative human behaviors and attitudes that undermine the essence of humanity. These behaviors include acts of violence, discrimination, and exploitation, which violate the fundamental rights. Philosophers have sought to understand the root of these behaviors and develop strategies for promoting human flourishing and social justice. For example, some have argued that education, social reform, and cultural change are essential to promoting human dignity and reducing the prevalence of inhuman behaviors.

The superhuman, as the name suggests, refers to the potential for humans to transcend their current limitations and achieve extraordinary feats. Philosophers have speculated about the nature of human potential, the role of technology in enhancing human abilities, and the ethical implications of pursuing superhuman goals. Some have proposed that humans can achieve immortality through genetic engineering or technological advancements, while others have cautioned against the risks associated with such pursuits.

Finally, the transhuman, which encompasses the idea of thinking machines and artificial intelligence, has emerged as a controversial topic in the contemporary debate. Philosophers have explored the potential benefits and risks of creating intelligent machines that can surpass human intelligence and abilities. Some have argued that such machines could lead to the enhancement of human well-being and the eradication of suffering, while others have raised concerns about the potential for such technologies to undermine human autonomy and agency.

In conclusion, the concept of humanity has been a subject of intense debate and exploration throughout history. Through various pathways, scholars have sought to understand the essence of humanity and humanitas, examining the human-nonhuman comparison, the more-than-human realm, the inhuman, the superhuman, and the transhuman. Each of these comparisons offers a unique perspective on the nature of humanity and the ethical responsibilities that come with our species. The ongoing debate surrounding transhumanism, artificial intelligence, and the ethical challenges facing humanity in our technological culture highlights the importance of addressing these critical philosophical and theological issues. By engaging in thoughtful dialogue and exploring innovative solutions, we can strive to enhance our understanding of humanity and create a more compassionate and just world.

Weight: 591g
ISBN-13: 9783161617157