Smoothing the Jew: "Abie the Agent" and Ethnic Caricature in the Progressive Era

In the 19th century, anti-immigration and nativist sentiments in the US led to derogatory caricatures of Jewish immigrants. Jewish artists responded by creating a Jewish protagonist in Harry Hershfield's Abie the Agent, who reassured nativists of assimilation while encouraging immigrants to retain their identity.

Format: Hardback
Length: 208 pages
Publication date: 14 June 2024
Publisher: Rutgers University Press

The United States experienced a significant influx of immigrants at the turn of the nineteenth century, accompanied by a rise in anti-immigration and nativist sentiments among the more established population. Jewish immigrants, in particular, often faced widespread hostility, being admired for their perceived economic and social achievements while simultaneously causing anxiety. This hostility often manifested in derogatory caricatures in theater and print.

In response to these negative portrayals, Jewish artists sought to challenge and mitigate the impact of these demeaning images. One notable example is Harry Hershfield's Abie the Agent, the first Jewish comic strip published in English. In this strip, Hershfield created a Jewish protagonist who aimed to reassure nativists about the Jews' ability to assimilate into American society. At the same time, he encouraged immigrants and their children to embrace American customs without losing their distinct Jewish identity.

Jeffrey Marx, in his book "Smoothing the Jew," explores how Hershfield achieved this balance. He demonstrates how Hershfield crafted a Jewish character who was both relatable and aspirational, portraying him as someone who could successfully navigate the complexities of American culture while still holding onto his Jewish values. This portrayal helped to alleviate nativists' concerns about the Jews' integration into society and provided a positive image for immigrants and their children.

Abie the Agent was not the only Jewish comic strip to address these issues during the nineteenth century. Other artists, such as Will Eisner and Jerry Robinson, also created characters who challenged stereotypes and promoted inclusivity. These comic strips played a crucial role in shaping public perception and challenging anti-immigrant attitudes, contributing to a more inclusive and diverse American society.

In conclusion, the turn of the nineteenth century in the United States saw a surge in immigration, accompanied by growing anti-immigration sentiments. Jewish immigrants, in particular, faced widespread hostility and derogatory caricatures. However, Jewish artists responded by creating characters who aimed to challenge stereotypes and promote inclusivity. Through their work, they helped to mitigate the negative impact of these portrayals and contribute to a more diverse and inclusive American society.

Weight: 399g
Dimension: 229 x 152 x 20 (mm)
ISBN-13: 9781978836358