The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE-200 CE

This book provides a critical synthesis of the archaeology of South Asia from the Neolithic period to the spread of Buddhism, examining the growth and character of the Indus civilisation and the cultural links between it and later periods of urbanism. It also explores the interactions between rural and urban communities and the roles played by rural areas in social and economic development.

Format: Paperback / softback
Length: 555 pages
Publication date: 09 March 2023
Publisher: Cambridge University Press

This comprehensive book delves into the rich tapestry of South Asian archaeology, spanning from the Neolithic period, when domestication took root, to the flourishing era of Buddhism under the rule of the Mauryan Emperor Asoka in the third century BCE. The authors embark on a meticulous exploration of the growth and distinctive features of the Indus civilization, renowned for its intricate town planning, advanced drainage systems, vast cities, and international trade networks. They also delve into the profound cultural connections between the Indus civilization and the subsequent phase of South Asian urbanism, which emerged in the first millennium BCE and flourished throughout the early first millennium CE. Furthermore, the book examines the evidence for the emergence of urban complexity in South Asia, while equally emphasizing the interplay between rural and urban communities. It sheds light on the crucial roles played by rural areas in shaping social and economic development throughout the region. Additionally, the authors delve into the formulation of narratives of continuity and transformation in the analysis of South Asia's prehistoric and early historic archaeological record. This insightful work provides a comprehensive and multidisciplinary perspective on the archaeology of South Asia, shedding light on the complex and fascinating history of this region.

Introduction:
South Asia boasts a rich and complex archaeological heritage, spanning thousands of years. This book aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the archaeology of South Asia, from the Neolithic period to the spread of Buddhism under the Mauryan Emperor Asoka. By examining the growth and character of the Indus civilization, as well as the cultural links between it and the later period of South Asian urbanism, the authors seek to understand the development of urban complexity in the region.
The Indus Civilization:
The Indus civilization, which flourished between 2600 and 1900 BCE, is one of the most remarkable archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. Located in the Indus Valley, it is known for its intricate town planning, advanced drainage systems, and vast cities. The civilization is characterized by its use of polished stone, copper, and bronze, and its well-organized administrative system.
One of the most striking features of the Indus civilization is its town planning. The cities were laid out in a grid pattern, with streets running in straight lines and buildings placed in precise positions. This planning allowed for efficient transportation and communication, as well as the efficient use of space. The cities also featured sophisticated drainage systems, which allowed for the removal of waste and water, ensuring a healthy and hygienic living environment.
Another notable feature of the Indus civilization is its vast cities. The largest city, Mohenjo-daro, was home to an estimated population of 50,000 people and covered an area of approximately 15 square kilometers. The city was well-equipped with public facilities such as baths, temples, and public halls, and its residents enjoyed a high standard of living.
The Indus civilization also had extensive trade networks, which extended throughout South Asia and beyond. The civilization was involved in the trade of textiles, jewelry, and other luxury goods, and its merchants were known for their skill in navigating the complex trade routes of the region.
The Indus civilization's decline is still a mystery, but it is believed to have been caused by a combination of factors such as climate change, political instability, and invasions from neighboring cultures. Despite its short-lived existence, the Indus civilization left a lasting impact on South Asian history and culture.
The Growth and Character of South Asian Urbanism:
The second, later period of South Asian urbanism, which began in the first millennium BCE and developed through the early first millennium CE, is also examined in this book. This period saw the rise of cities such as Taxila, Pataliputra, and Kausambi, which were centers of learning, trade, and religion.
One of the distinguishing features of this period of urbanism was the development of religious architecture. The cities were home to numerous temples and shrines, which were designed to reflect the religious beliefs and practices of the time. These buildings were often adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures, and they served as important centers of worship and pilgrimage.
Another notable feature of this period of urbanism was the development of trade networks. The cities were connected to each other through trade routes, which facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas. This period also saw the rise of new technologies, such as the use of iron and the development of the wheel, which had a significant impact on the development of trade and transportation.
The decline of South Asian urbanism in the early first millennium CE was also examined in this book. This decline was attributed to a variety of factors, including invasions from Central Asia, political instability, and the rise of new religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism.
Rural and Urban Interactions:
In addition to examining the evidence for emerging urban complexity, this book also gives equal weight to interactions between rural and urban communities across South Asia. It recognizes the critical roles played by rural areas in shaping social and economic development throughout the region.
The book explores how narratives of continuity and transformation have been formulated in analyses of South Asia's prehistoric and early historic archaeological record. It examines how these narratives reflect the changing social and economic conditions of the region, as well as the impact of external factors such as trade and migration.
The book also highlights the role of women in South Asian urbanism. It examines how women played a significant role in the development of cities and trade networks, and how they were often marginalized and excluded from certain aspects of urban life.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, this book provides a comprehensive and multidisciplinary perspective on the archaeology of South Asia. It explores the growth and character of the Indus civilization, the development of South Asian urbanism, and the interactions between rural and urban communities. By examining the evidence for emerging urban complexity, the book sheds light on the critical roles played by rural areas in social and economic development throughout the region.
The book also highlights the role of women in South Asian urbanism, which is often overlooked in traditional narratives. It recognizes the significant contributions that women made to the development of cities and trade networks, and it calls for a more inclusive and gender-sensitive approach to the study of South Asian archaeology.
Overall, this book is a valuable resource for scholars and students of South Asian history, archaeology, and culture. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date understanding of the region's rich archaeological heritage, and it contributes to our understanding of the complex and fascinating history of South Asia.

ISBN-13: 9780521609722