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Philip P. Betancourt,Susan C. Ferrence,Alessandra Giumlia-Mair

The Cretan Collection in the University of Pennsylvania Museum III: Metal Objects from Gournia

The Cretan Collection in the University of Pennsylvania Museum III: Metal Objects from Gournia

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  • More about The Cretan Collection in the University of Pennsylvania Museum III: Metal Objects from Gournia

The University of Pennsylvania owns the largest collection of Minoan artifacts outside of Europe, acquired legally from Crete before it became part of Greece. This third volume presents the Minoan metal artifacts, providing primary evidence for the early history of metallurgy in southeastern Europe. The assemblage is remarkable for its light on the history of technology, including two important metallurgical techniques: eutectic bonding of silver-capped rivets on daggers and casting on repairs to an existing object.

Format: Hardback
Length: 200 pages
Publication date: 07 February 2024
Publisher: INSTAP Academic Press


The University of Pennsylvania boasts the most extensive collection of Minoan artifacts outside of Europe. These remarkable objects were legally acquired from the independent nation of Crete, following its liberation from the Ottoman Empire, before it officially joined Greece, where such gifts were prohibited to institutions that had supported archaeological expeditions. This third volume in the series dedicated to the Cretan Collection at the Penn Museum showcases a captivating array of Minoan metal artifacts. These artifacts serve as invaluable primary sources, shedding light on the early history of metallurgy in southeastern Europe during the second millennium B.C. This diverse collection boasts an impressive array of objects, representing various classes and stages of metalwork. It is particularly noteworthy for its abundance of early metalworking artifacts, including fragments of oxhide ingots, cut preliminary strips, and small cast strips utilized as crucial steps in the creation of artifacts.

Through the application of modern examination techniques, including scientific analyses, this study not only documents the museum's holdings but also uncovers new insights into Minoan metalworking. Two significant metallurgical techniques are documented: the eutectic bonding of silver-capped rivets on daggers and the casting of repairs to existing objects, which have previously gone unnoticed in Minoan metalwork. The assemblage holds immense value in illuminating the history of technology.


Dimension: 279 x 216 (mm)
ISBN-13: 9781931534383

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