The Politics of Social Protection During Times of Crisis

Latin American countries implemented effective lockdowns in 2020 to provide income support to the poor, but policies varied in scope and generosity. Factors such as policy legacies, unified/divided government, and fiscal space explain cross-national and cross-temporal differences in policy effort.

Format: Paperback / softback
Length: 75 pages
Publication date: 03 August 2023
Publisher: Cambridge University Press

In the face of the economic shutdowns that swept across Latin American countries in 2020, it became evident that implementing effective lockdown measures would necessitate states to provide income support to their citizens. This realization highlighted the longstanding challenges faced by the region in establishing robust social protection systems. Despite these obstacles, Latin American democracies displayed a remarkable commitment to expanding benefits, marking a significant shift in state-building efforts.

The policies implemented varied in terms of scope and generosity, reflecting the diverse contexts and priorities of each country. However, what stood out was the nearly uniform commitment across the region to assist the poor. This commitment was particularly noteworthy in a region where social inequality and poverty have historically been significant concerns.

The reasons for the varying levels of policy effort across countries can be attributed to several factors. Policy legacies, unified or divided government, and fiscal space are among the key variables that contribute to these differences.

Policy legacies play a significant role in shaping policy outcomes. Countries with a history of social welfare programs or strong labor movements are more likely to prioritize social policy expansion during times of crisis. Conversely, countries with less established social protection systems or a history of authoritarianism may face greater challenges in implementing comprehensive policies.

Unified or divided government also influences policy efforts. In countries with a unified government, policymakers can more easily coordinate efforts and implement policies that benefit the entire population. Conversely, divided governments may face challenges in reaching consensus and implementing policies that are equitable and effective.

Fiscal space, which refers to the available resources and capacity of a government to finance social programs, also plays a crucial role in policy efforts. Countries with greater fiscal resources are more likely to invest in social protection programs, while those with limited resources may struggle to provide adequate assistance.

The study conducted by the Element sheds light on the factors that explain cross-national and cross-temporal differences in policy effort. It demonstrates that in settings of crisis, the democratic politics of social policy expansion shift, with traditional factors like ideology and electoral competition playing a less central role. Instead, policymakers are more likely to prioritize policies that address the immediate needs of their citizens and address the structural inequalities that have contributed to poverty and social exclusion.

The findings of this study have important implications for policymakers and advocates in Latin America and beyond. It highlights the need for continued investment in social protection systems, particularly in countries where they are lacking. It also emphasizes the importance of policy coordination and collaboration across different levels of government to ensure that policies are effective and equitable.

In conclusion, the study on the expansion of social policy in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic provides valuable insights into the factors that shape policy efforts and the challenges faced by the region in building robust social protection systems. By understanding these factors, policymakers and advocates can work towards creating more inclusive and sustainable societies that provide support to all members of society, particularly during times of crisis.

Weight: 142g
Dimension: 151 x 229 x 7 (mm)
ISBN-13: 9781009416016