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Lewis Mumford

The Transformations of Man

The Transformations of Man

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This book explores how the 20th Century transformation of human life compares to the revolution that swept early man into civilized communities, highlighting how changes in personality and consciousness have driven each new stage of development. Despite the threat of automation, it maintains that humanity has the means to create a sustainable future by increasing the usefulness and freedom of all men.

Format: Paperback / softback
Length: 190 pages
Publication date: 19 December 2023
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd


Originally published in 1957, this comprehensive volume explores the profound transformation of human life throughout the 20th century, drawing parallels with the revolutionary transition that led to the emergence of the first civilized communities. It delves into the intricate interplay between changes in human personality and consciousness, including the invention of language and symbols, the emergence of universal religions, and the mechanization of everyday existence. Despite the author's concerns about the potential risks associated with excessive automation, the book remains optimistic about humanity's ability to create a sustainable future. It emphasizes the need to enhance the usefulness and freedom of all individuals, leveraging spiritual, personal, and technological resources to achieve this goal.

The author's analysis highlights the transformative power of language and symbols, which have played a crucial role in shaping human societies. They argue that the development of language allowed individuals to communicate and share knowledge, fostering social cohesion and cooperation. Symbols, on the other hand, provided a means of expressing complex ideas and emotions, enabling humans to transcend the limitations of their physical bodies and tap into the realm of the supernatural.

The emergence of universal religions is another significant milestone in human development. The author suggests that these religions emerged as a response to the universal longing for meaning and purpose in life. They provide a framework for moral and ethical behavior, offering guidance and solace to individuals seeking a sense of belonging and transcendence.

The mechanization of everyday life, while bringing about significant technological advancements, has also had profound implications for human existence. The author argues that the increasing reliance on machines has led to a loss of human agency and control over their own lives. However, they also recognize the potential benefits of automation, such as increased efficiency and productivity, which can contribute to the well-being of society as a whole.

Despite the challenges posed by automation, the book maintains that humanity still possesses the necessary resources and capabilities to create a sustainable future. The author emphasizes the importance of education and knowledge acquisition, which can empower individuals to adapt to changing circumstances and thrive in a rapidly evolving world. They also highlight the role of personal responsibility and ethical behavior in shaping the course of human development.

In conclusion, this volume offers a comprehensive exploration of the 20th-century transformation of human life, drawing parallels with the early stages of human civilization. It sheds light on the intricate interplay between changes in human personality and consciousness, including the invention of language and symbols, the emergence of universal religions, and the mechanization of everyday existence. While acknowledging the potential risks associated with automation, the book remains optimistic about humanity's ability to create a sustainable future by enhancing the usefulness and freedom of all individuals. Through education, knowledge acquisition, personal responsibility, and ethical behavior, humanity can navigate the challenges of the 21st century and build a brighter and more prosperous future for generations to come.

Weight: 358g
Dimension: 216 x 138 (mm)
ISBN-13: 9781032181264

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